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# PyMP Tutorial 4. Similarity Measures¶

There are many ways to assess similarities between two signals and . Here we’re particularly interested in measuring similarity using their sparse representations and . More details can be found in Chapter 7 of [2] (in french)

## Signal Decomposition¶

We will use a musical example, the first few seconds of Bach’s first prelude in C played by G. Gould That is available in the data directory of PyMP. It consists in a piano melody that is played two times. Let us load the audio, cut the signal in two and decompose it:

Note

This example assumes you have set up a PYMP_PATH environment variable targetting your PyMP directory.

>>> import os
>>> import os.path as op
>>> import numpy as np
>>> from PyMP.mdct import Dico
>>> from PyMP import mp, Signal
>>> signal = Signal(op.join(os.environ['PYMP_PATH'],'data/Bach_prelude_4s.wav'), mono=True)
>>> # cut in two
>>> sig_occ1 = signal[:signal.length/2]
>>> sig_occ2 = signal[signal.length/2:]
>>> dico = Dico([128,1024,8192])
>>> target_srr = 5
>>> max_atom_num = 200
>>> # MP decompositions
>>> app_1, _ = mp.mp(sig_occ1, dico, target_srr, max_atom_num)
>>> app_2, _ = mp.mp(sig_occ2, dico, target_srr, max_atom_num)


## Measuring Similarity¶

Similarity can be measured in the representation domain virtually by any distance metric between two vectors The simplest examples one can think of are the euclidean distance, and the hamming distance. Those are defined in the tools package

>>> from PyMP.tools.Misc import euclid_dist, hamming_dist


Getting a sparse vector from a Approx object is quite simple:

>>> sp_vec_1 = app_1.to_array()[0]
>>> sp_vec_2 = app_2.to_array()[0]
>>> print "%1.5f, %1.5f"%(euclid_dist(sp_vec_1,sp_vec_2), hamming_dist(sp_vec_1,sp_vec_2))
-5.27440, 0.75510


## Information Distance¶

Following the idea of the paper [1], we can build proxies of information distances between the two sparse representation by quantifying the amount of complexity that is required to transform one into another

The underlying idea is that if and are similar, then joint coding should be effective. In particular, one would guess that atoms in the support of are efficient for an approximation of . A simple version of this paradigm is implemented in the mp_coder module:

>>> from PyMP.mp_coder import joint_coding_distortion


This metric measures the signal to residual ratio that is achieved by using the atoms of the reference to approximate the target the best time shift for each of the m atoms of .

such that:

where is a fixed number of bits that corresponds to the amount of information that is needed to transform the reference into the target using

One can then further normalize by the reference approximation srr to have similarity metrics smaller than one

>>> max_rate = 1000 # maximum bitrate allowed (in bits)
>>> search_width = 1024 # maximum time shift allowed in samples
>>> info_dist = joint_coding_distortion(sig_occ2, app_1, max_rate, search_width)
>>> info_dist_rev = joint_coding_distortion(sig_occ1, app_2, max_rate, search_width)
>>> print "%1.5f  - %1.5f"%(info_dist/target_srr, info_dist_rev/target_srr)
0.99585  - 0.99650


Note

This metric is not symmetric

## Building a self-similarity matrix¶

Let us use this method to compute a similarity matrix for a longer version of the prelude that lasts 40 seconds. First let’s load it into a LongSignal object:

>>> from PyMP.signals import LongSignal
>>> seg_size = 5*8192 # roughly 1 seconds at 44100 Hz
>>> long_signal = LongSignal(op.join(os.environ['PYMP_PATH'],'data/Bach_prelude_40s.wav'), seg_size, mono=True, Noverlap=0.5)
>>> long_signal.n_seg
89


For this demonstration, the first 15 seconds are sufficient. We can thus limit the number of segments

>>> long_signal.n_seg = 32


We want each segment to be decomposed up to a certain srr. To do that we use the mp_long() utility:

>>> # decomposing the long signal
>>> apps, _ = mp.mp_long(long_signal, dico, target_srr, max_atom_num)


and we end up with a list of Approx objects.

>>> apps[0], apps[1]
(Approx Object: 28 atoms, SRR of 5.00 dB, Approx Object: 26 atoms, SRR of 5.06 dB)


Now to build a similarity matrix, we compute pairwise information distances. To accelerate we can prune the computations. For instance, if the srr after 15 atoms is not positive, then we can consider the factorization to have failed and stop the process. Also we can limit the pairwise comparisons to causal ones, that is we only try to factorize a segment using previously observed ones You should be able to get the following similarity matrix:

Note

One may wonder why scores higher than one can be observed on the diagonal. Since we used a simple Dico object, we ran MP on a coarse Time-Frequency grid. Here the joint coder optimizes the time localization of the atoms, thus reaching better approximation levels.

You can further play with the parameters, in particular the overlap ratio, the segment sizes etc.. And that’s about it.

## Bibliography¶

1 : Moussallam, M., Daudet, L., & Richard, G. Audio Signal Representations for Factorization in the sparse Domain.
ICASSP 2011 (pp. 513–516). (pdficassp11)
2 : Moussallam, M. Représentation redondantes et Hiérarchiques pour l’archivage et la compression de scènes sonores.
PhD Thesis Telecom ParisTech 2012 (pdfthesis)